During Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) in 2003, there were several reports of ammunition shortages experienced by combat units. Sometime between the end of the Cold War and OIF, the management of ammunition became inadequate, resulting in shortages after a relatively short campaign.

This strategy research project examines the possible causes of these ammunition shortages and recommends possible solutions.Sections address ammunition shortages experienced during OIF, determining ammunition requirements, supply issues, replenishment policy, attempts to improve the efficiency of ammunition plants, production issues, asset visibility and reporting, and what the Army did to solve the problem.

The research also provides a basis for recommendations that can help prevent shortages of small arms ammunition in the future.